Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of "brand image" and "brand loyalty"
For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information
an Internet-based marketing practice in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer brought about by the affiliate's marketing efforts
Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity
including affiliate networks, affiliate management companies, and in-house affiliate managers, specialized third party vendors, and various types of affiliates/publishers who promote the products and services of their partners
overlaps with other Internet marketing methods to some degree, because affiliates often use regular advertising methods
On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner
The concept of revenue sharing—paying commission for referred business—predates affiliate marketing and the Internet
Some advertisers offer multi-tier programs that distribute commission into a hierarchical referral network of sign-ups and sub-partners
Eighty percent of affiliate programs today use revenue sharing or cost per sale (CPS) as a compensation method, nineteen percent use cost per action (CPA), and the remaining programs use other methods such as cost per click (CPC) or cost per mille (C
Merchants favor affiliate marketing because in most cases it uses a "pay for performance" model, meaning that the merchant does not incur a marketing expense unless results are accrued (excluding any initial setup cost)
There are three primary ways to locate affiliate programs for a target website
Антонова, formerly the Antonov Design Bureau, is a Ukraine-based (since 1952) aircraft manufacturing and services company with particular expertise in the field of very large aircraft construction
The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be fermented (converted into alcohol); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops
one of the world's oldest beverages, possibly dating back to the 6th millennium BC, and is recorded in the written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel was a pioneering French fashion designer whose modernist philosophy, menswear-inspired fashions, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her arguably the most important figure in the history of 20th-century fashion
The concept of a consumer is used in different contexts, so that the usage and significance of the term may vary
a person who uses any product or service
Within law, the notion of consumer is primarily used in relation to consumer protection laws, and the definition of consumer is often restricted to living persons (i.e. not corporations or businesses) and excludes commercial users
Details on any customer contacts can also be stored in the system
The rationale behind this approach is to improve services provided directly to customers and to use the information in the system for targeted marketing and sales purposes
There are several different approaches to CRM, with different software packages focusing on different aspects
From the outside, customers interacting with a company perceive the business as a single entity, despite often interacting with a variety of employees in different roles and departments
Several commercial CRM software packages are available, and they vary in their approach to CRM
While there are numerous reports of "failed" implementations of various types of CRM projects, these are often the result of unrealistic high expectations and exaggerated claims by CRM vendors
One of the primary functions of CRM software is to collect information about customers
The following table lists the top CRM software vendors in 2006-2007 (figures in millions of US dollars) published in a Gartner study
In the fields of strategic management, marketing strategy, and operational strategy, digital strategy is the process of specifying an organization's vision, initiatives and processes in order to deploy their online assets (as of 2007, these include:
There are numerous approaches to conducting digital strategy, but at their core, all go through four steps: 1. identifying the key opportunities and/or challenges in a business where online assets can provide a solution
the process of specifying an organization's processes to deploy online assets
As of 2007, a trend in digital strategy is the use of personas as a framework for using customer information to prioritize online initiatives
Historically, execution of a business or digital strategy is done as a big bang, with large initiatives such as site redesigns and transactional systems taking 6-12 months to develop and often an additional 6-12 months before they deliver any results
As of 2007, these two terms tend to be thrown out somewhat interchangeably
There are two main definitional characteristics which distinguish it from other types of marketing
The first is that it attempts to send its messages directly to consumers, without the use of intervening media
This involves commercial communication (direct mail, e-mail, telemarketing) with consumers or businesses, usually unsolicited
The second characteristic is that it is focused on driving purchases that can be attributed to a specific "call-to-action." This aspect of direct marketing involves an emphasis on trackable, measurable positive (but not negative) responses from consu
The term direct marketing is believed to have been first used in 1961 in a speech by Lester Wunderman, who pioneered direct marketing techniques with brands such as American Express and Columbia Records
attractive to many marketers, because in many cases its positive effect (but not negative results) can be measured directly
Some direct marketers also use media such as door hangers, package inserts, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, email, internet banner ads, pay-per-click ads, billboards, transit ads
In finance and economics, discounting is the process of finding the present value of an amount of cash at some future date, and along with compounding cash forms the basis of time value of money calculations
of a cash flow is determined by reducing its value by the appropriate discount rate for each unit of time between the time when the cashflow is to be valued to the time of the cash flow
Most often the discount rate is expressed as an annual rate
To calculate the present value of a single cash flow, it is divided by one plus the interest rate for each period of time that will pass
rate which is used in financial calculations is usually chosen to be equal to the cost of capital
refers to money or scrip which is exchanged only electronically
electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash or digital currency
Typically, this involves use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) and direct deposit are examples of electronic money
While electronic money has been an interesting problem for cryptography (see for example the work of David Chaum and Markus Jakobsson), to date, use of digital cash has been relatively low-scale
One rare success has been Hong Kong's Octopus card system, which started as a transit payment system and has grown into a widely used electronic cash system. Singapore also has an electronic money implementation for its public transportation system (
Technically electronic or digital money is a representation, or a system of debits and credits, used (but not limited to this) to exchange value, within another system, or itself as a stand alone system, online or offline
The main focuses of digital cash development are 1) being able to use it through a wider range of hardware such as secured credit cards; and 2) linked bank accounts that would generally be used over an internet means, for exchange with a secure micro
Although digital cash can provide many benefits such as convenience and privacy, increased efficiency of transactions, lower transaction fees, new business opportunities with the expansion of economic activities on the Internet, there are many potent
an advertising term for a timing pattern in which commercials are scheduled to run during intervals that are separated by periods in which no advertising messages appear for the advertised item
Any period of time during which the messages are appearing is called a flight, and a period of message inactivity is usually called a hiatus
The advantage of the flighting technique is that it allows an advertiser who does not have funds for running spots continuously to conserve money and maximize the impact of the commercials by airing them at key strategic times
Advertisers will often employ less costly media such as radio or newspaper during a television flighting hiatus
This method of media planning allows the messages and themes of the advertising campaign to continue to reach consumers while conserving advertising funds
an advertising term referring to a period of time in which a commercial is broadcast
The BCG matrix is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines
aka B.C.G. analysis, BCG-matrix, Boston Box, Boston Matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis
This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analysis
To use the chart, analysts plot a scatter graph to rank the business units (or products) on the basis of their relative market shares and growth rates
For each product or service, the 'area' of the circle represents the value of its sales
The initial intent of the growth-share matrix was to evaluate business units, but the same evaluation can be made for product lines or any other cash-generating entities
an unconventional system of promotions on a very low budget
The term has since entered the popular vocabulary to also describe aggressive, unconventional marketing methods generically
On 31 January 2007, several guerrilla-marketing magnetic light displays in and around the city of Boston, Massachusetts, were mistaken for possible explosive devices
The game is the third title in the Halo series and ends the story arc begun in Halo:
Up to four people can participate in multiplayer match on a single Xbox 360 in Halo 3. Up to sixteen may participate in a single match over a LAN or Xbox Live
Bill Gates sold copies of the game at the launch in Bellevue, WA
The Coffee Industry Regulation Act specifies what coffee may use the label Blue Mountain
Over the last several decades, this coffee has developed a reputation that has made it one of the most expensive and sought-after coffees in the world
The best lots of Blue Mountain coffee are noted for their mild flavor and lack of bitterness
In addition to its use for brewed coffee, the beans are the flavor base of Tia Maria coffee liqueur
Though certain lots of Jamaican Blue Mountain have long been the most expensive coffee traded, Bourbon pointu from Réunion Island (an overseas French territory) surpassed this mark in April 2007
a subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs
the smaller subgroups comprising a market
A true market segment meets all of the following criteria: it is distinct from other segments (heterogeneity across segments), it is homogeneous within the segment (exhibits common attributes)
responds similarly to a market stimulus, and it can be reached by a market intervention
the process of classifying a market into distinct subsets (segments) that behave in similar ways or have similar needs
The segmentation process in itself consists of segment identification, segment characterization, segment evaluation and target segment selection
George Day (1980) describes model of segmentation as the top-down approach: You start with the total population and divide it into segments
Where a monopoly exists, the price of a product is likely to be higher than in a competitive market and the quantity sold less, generating monopoly profits for the seller
In popular usage, "marketing" is the promotion of products, especially advertising and branding
However, in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of the practice and science of trading
The American Marketing Association (AMA) states, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organizati
It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research
In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services
generally accepted as the use and specification of 'the four Ps' describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace.One version of the origins of the marketing mix starts in 1948 when James Culliton said that a marketing decision shoul
of marketing theory
This version continued in 1953 when Neil Borden, in his American Marketing Association presidential address, took the recipe idea one step further and coined the term 'Marketing-Mix'
A prominent marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a 4 P classification in 1960, which would see wide popularity
concept is explained in most marketing textbooks and classes
(MVNO) is a company that provides mobile phone service but does not have its own licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum, nor does it necessarily have all of the infrastructure required to provide mobile telephone service
A human need can be defined either psychologically or objectively
These may be connected
for food can appear in many different ways
First, to most psychologists, a need is as a psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a goal and the reason for the action, giving purpose and direction to behavior
In the field of Organizational Development there are may activities and disciplines
One of those is the area of organizational diagnosis and the use of structured organizational diagnostic tools
The effective diagnosis of organizational culture, and structural and operational strengths and weaknesses are fundamental to any successful organizational development intervention
As Beckhard said in the preface to his seminal work ... in our rapidly changing environment, new organization forms must be developed; more effective goal-setting and planning processes must be learned, and practiced teams of independent people must
Competing or conflicting groups must move towards a collaborative way of work
The organizational Diagnostic phase is often integrated within an overal OD process, commonly called 'a consulting process'
The verb produce (prə doos' or -dyoos') is from the Latin prōdūce(re), (to) lead or bring forth
The noun product (prod'əkt or-ukt) is "a thing produced by labor or effort"
a unique product, such as a single carton of brand X milk, a single customized interior design, a single piece of lumber, or a single hour of technical support. Serial numbers are used to identify certain unique products
The specific meaning of generic product names varies over time and location
In its online product catalogue, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into departments, then presents products to shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand
an item that ideally satisfies a market's want or need
a person hired to drive consumer demand for a product, service, brand, or concept by directly interacting with consumers
can be female or male, and typically is attractive in physical appearance, and not only provides information to the consumer about the product or service, but makes it appealing to them in some way, enabling the consumer to identify with the product,
While the length of interaction with the consumer may be short, the promotional model delivers a live experience that reflects on the product or service he or she is representing
Even though this form of marketing touches fewer consumers per dollar spent than traditional advertising media (such as print, radio, and television) the consumer’s perception of a brand, product, service, or company, is often more profoundly affec
The influence of this type of marketing campaign on consumer’s purchasing habits tends to be more enduring as well
Trade show models work a trade show floorspace or booth, and represent a company to attendees
a person who interacts with consumers to draw attention to and often inform them about a product
In the vernacular, quality can mean a high degree of excellence (“a quality product”), a degree of excellence or the lack of it (“work of average quality”), or a property of something (“the addictive quality of alcohol”)
Distinct from the vernacular, the subject of this article is the business interpretation of quality
a measure of excellence
In the manufacturing industry it is commonly stated that “Quality drives productivity.” Improved productivity is a source of greater revenues, employment opportunities and technological advances
marketing jargon for sustaining and growing B2C relationships
a form of marketing developed from direct response marketing campaigns conducted in the 1970's and 1980's which emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction, rather than a dominant focus on 'point of sale' transactions
differs from other forms of marketing in that it recognizes the long term value to the firm of keeping customers, as opposed to direct or "Intrusion" marketing, which focuses upon acquisition of new clients by targeting majority demographics based up
According to Leonard Berry , relationship marketing can be applied: when there are competitive product alternatives for customers to choose from
relies upon the communication and acquisition of consumer requirements solely from existing customers in a mutually beneficial exchange usually involving permission for contact by the customer through an "opt-in" system
and traditional (or transactional) marketing are not mutually exclusive and there is no need for a conflict between them
The company was founded in 1945, just a few weeks after World War II, by Fritz Sennheiser and seven fellow engineers of the University of Hanover in a laboratory called Labor W. The laboratory was named after the village of Wennebostel, where it had
In Greek mythology, it is the shirt (chiton) daubed with the tainted blood of the centaur Nessus that Deianeira, Hercules' wife, naïvely gave Hercules, burning him, and driving him to throw himself onto a funeral pyre
keyword or term associated with a piece of information (pic, video, blog entry, etc.)
can be made in singular or in plural
a word to describe an object like a piece of information, bookmark, etc
enables keyword-based classification and search of information
chosen informally and personally by item author/creator
"tagging" has become associated with the Web 2.0 buzz
Many people associate "tagging" with the idea of the semantic web, however some believe that tagging may not be having a positive effect on the overall drive towards the semantic web
are used primarily to generate additional income from that property and promote its visibility
Although considered a violation of copyright or trademark law, non-commercial fan fictions are considered tie-ins because they promote visibility of the original work, but may not have received permission of the publishing companies or the author
are considered an important part of the revenue-stream for any major media release, and planning, and licensing for such works often begins at the very earliest stages of creating such a property
Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform
was born in Cork, Ireland
graduated from Harvard College in 1975 with a B.A. cum laude in Classics
facilitate collaboration and sharing data between users
is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform
social element where users generate and distribute content, often with freedom to share and re-use
is a reference to the passing of information by verbal means, especially recommendations, but also general information, in an informal, person-to-person manner
typically considered a face-to-face spoken communication, although phone conversations, text messages sent via SMS and web dialogue, such as online profile pages, blog posts, message board threads, instant messages and emails are often now included i
There is some overlap in meaning between word of mouth and the following: rumour, gossip, innuendo, and hearsay
however word of mouth is more commonly used to describe positive information being spread rather than negative, although this is not always the case
marketing, which encompasses a variety of subcategories, including buzz, blog, viral, grassroots, cause, influencer and social media marketing, as well as ambassador programs, work with consumer-generated media and more, can be highly valued by produ
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